Moringa oleifera Leaf-Based Gummies: Formulation Optimisation and Impact on Health – A Review

Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Moringa oleifera leaves are nutrient-dense and rich in phenolics, flavonoids and glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates, yet their bitter, grassy
character limits acceptance as a dietary supplement. Gummies, a chewable and palatable dosage form, offer a route to deliver moringa to children,
adolescents and adults who avoid tablets or capsules. This review examines how moringa leaf powder and extract have been incorporated into
gummy-type formulations, how formulation variables have been optimised, and what health evidence supports the intended benefits. Published
formulation studies indicate that gelling-agent type and concentration are the dominant determinants of texture, swelling, syneresis and dissolution
time. In a leaf-powder system, 10% gelatin and 1.5% pectin gave the most satisfactory physical characteristics, whereas sucrose and propylene
glycol concentrations modulated elasticity and firmness in extract-based gummies. Factorial and response-surface designs are the most suitable
optimisation tools, but only simple factorial and completely randomised designs have been reported so far. Evidence for antioxidant, glycaemic,
lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects derives mainly from in vitro and animal work, with a few small human studies using leaf powder;
to our knowledge, no clinical trial of a moringa gummy has been reported. Safety data at dietary doses are reassuring, but standardisation of leaf
material, retention of bioactives in the finished gummy, sugar content and stability remain unresolved. A quality-by-design framework linking
material attributes, process parameters and quality attributes is proposed, together with priorities for clinical evaluation.

Interobserver Concordance in The Bethesda System Categorization of Thyroid Nodules: A Critical Evaluation

Sukriti ., Ankita ., Sanjeev Kumar, Sudipta Chakrabarti — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 06:15:34 +0000

Background: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology 2023 (TBSRTC) offers a standardized, economical diagnostic approach. The maintenance of reproducibility of the TBSRTC categories in spite of interobserver variability is critical. In this study, interobserver diagnostic consistency and reproducibility were evaluated alongside category distribution to assess the institutional diagnostic reliability.

Methods: This cross-sectional, observational, hospital-based retrospective study was carried out over a period of 2-year. Cases of thyroid nodules undergoing FNAC were reviewed and categorized according to the TBSRTC (2023) guidelines. To evaluate interobserver concordance, two cytopathologists independently reviewed the smears.

Results: A total of 82 cases were analysed. The mean age was 36.91 (± 10.82) years with a distinct female predominance (F: M ratio of 19.2:1). The majority of cases (62 cases, 75.6%) were benign (Bethesda Category II), followed by 12 cases (14.6%) of Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance (AUS/FLUS; Category III). Follicular Neoplasm/Suspicious for a Follicular Neoplasm (Category IV) was reported in 3 cases (3.7%), 2 cases (2.4%) were Suspicious for Malignancy (Category V), and 1 case (1.2%) was diagnosed as Malignant (Category VI). Interobserver concordance was highest in the benign group (Category II), yielding a 95.2% absolute agreement, while the highest variability was concentrated within the indeterminate cohorts (Categories III and IV).

Conclusion: High interobserver concordance observed in this study underscores the reproducibility and diagnostic reliability of the Bethesda System in routine thyroid cytopathology practice. Interobserver validation may serve as an important quality assurance measure in institutions where comprehensive cytohistological follow-up is limited.

Journal of Advanced Scientific Research

Moringa oleifera Leaf-Based Gummies: Formulation Optimisation and Impact on Health – A Review

Interobserver Concordance in The Bethesda System Categorization of Thyroid Nodules: A Critical Evaluation