Recent Advancements in the Management of Calcium Oxalate Stones: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Urolithiasis, particularly calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation, is a prevalent and debilitating condition globally. The management of CaOx stones has seen significant advancements in recent years, driven by technological innovations and a deeper understanding of stonepathogenesis. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of these recent advancements, focusing on novel diagnostic techniques,minimally invasive surgical interventions, medical expulsive therapy, and preventative strategies. We delve into the latest imaging modalitiesimproving diagnostic accuracy, the evolution of surgical approaches like miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy,advancements in medical expulsive therapy with alpha-blockers and other agents, and explore personalized preventative strategies consideringdietary modifications, pharmacological interventions, and emerging research on gut microbiome and nanotechnological approaches. This reviewaims to synthesize current knowledge, highlight the progress made, and identify future directions in the effective management of CaOx stones,ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing recurrence rates.