EFFECT OF CITRUS MEDICALEAF EXTRACT ONETHYLENE GLYCOL - AMMONIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED UROLITHIASIS IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Abstract

Renal lithiasis or renal caliculi is a multifactorial disease and they usually develop in kidneys and along the urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The origin and development of calcium oxalate calculi is a numerous step process and includes nucleation, growth of crystals and then aggregation and retention of crystals. Cystone is traditionally used to relieve various urological problems, including nephrolithiasis and correct the crystalloid-colloid imbalance and used asthe standard drug (500 mg/kg, p.o.). The recent treatment procedures for treating stones are very costly and have several side effects, so the search for anti-lithiatic drugs from innate sources has assumed greater importance. Citrus medica L. (Family: Rutaceae), commonly known as ‘citron’ in English and ‘bara nimbu’ in Hindi. Our study aims to analyze the anti-lithiatic activity of Citrus medica leaf extract by Ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) and ammonium chloride (1% w/v) study for 28 days. Preliminary Phytochemical screening resulted in alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides. The Citrus medica methanolic leaf extract decreased the elevated levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, electrolyte potassium, and increased sodium electrolyte level in serum as well as showed a significant effect on urine volume, urine pH, and urine excretion. Histopathological examination disclosed the presence of calcium stones with inflammation in the kidney sections handled with ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) and ammonium chloride (1% w/v). Overall, the terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins presence in extract might be accountable for nephroprotective and anti-lithiatic activity by Ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride.