Harnessing Industrial Potential of Microbial Pigments through Screening, Optimization and Characterization

Abstract

Microbial pigments are promising natural alternatives to synthetic dyes. The properties of natural pigments such as bioactivity, biodegradability and broad industrial applicability in food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and cosmetic sectors has led to their increased demand, over the years. Despite these advantages, only a few microbial pigments are commercially produced for industrial use. The primary barriers include issues of poor colour stability, reduced vibrancy, and relatively low yield compared to synthetic pigments. However, compared to the negative environmental impact of synthetic dyes, these challenges are relatively minor and can be addressed with relevant research initiatives. Recent advancements in bioprocessing, fermentation technologies, and structural modification of pigments have already provided avenues to enhance pigment yield and stability. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the current literature in microbial pigment production. It emphasizes the critical need for continued exploration and screening of novel pigment-producing strains from diverse and extreme environments. This review especially focuses on the selection and refinement of media components, including the adoption of low-cost raw materials and solid-state fermentation techniques. These approaches are vital for economic scalability. Overall, this review highlights the progress made in microbial pigment production from natural isolates. This information will serve as a valuable resource for researchers aiming to isolate high-yielding and optimise production of stable and commercially viable pigments, while following the global sustainability goals.